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It is a realistic situation that allows the student to rehearse mentally for a situation and requires practical application of various bits of knowledge. On the other hand, poorly constructed long sentences are difficult to follow and can easily become tangled. In contrast, training media are generally described as any physical means that communicates an instructional message to students. Guiding a Discussion - Instructor Technique: Introduce and encourage enthusiasm to stimulate discussion, Ask lead-off questions to get the discussion underway and keep the discussion interesting and engaging, Personal Computer-Based Aviation Training Devices (PCATDs), Form habits for observance and reliance on instruments, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. Whether working as an individual instructor or employed by a flight or maintenance school, the instructor must ensure that each student accomplishes a number of important benchmarks. [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. Regardless of the method of development or depth of coverage, the success of the teaching lecture depends upon the instructors ability to communicate effectively with the class, In other methods of teaching such as demonstrationperformance or guided discussion, the instructor receives direct reaction from the students, either verbally or by some form of body language. An instructor should also be patient and give students a chance to react. Nor do lectures easily allow an instructor to estimate student understanding of the material covered. This type of problem encourages the development of HOTS, which include cognitive processes such as problem solving and decision-making, as well as the cognitive skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The major advantage of CAL is that it is interactivethe computer responds in different ways, depending on student input. ), Select a topic the students can profitably discuss. Thus, the instructor provides assistance, reinforcement, and answers for those who need it most, In this situation, the CAL should still be considered as an add-on instructional aid to improve traditional classroom instruction. An increasingly popular form of teaching, the case study contains a story relative to the student that forces him or her to deal with situations encountered in real life, The instructor presents the case to the students who then analyze it, come to conclusions, and offer possible solutions. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. Blocks for instructor endorsements also may be included at appropriate points. The extemporaneous presentation reflects the instructors personal enthusiasm and is more flexible than other methods. At times, instructors may feel that they are doing more one-on-one instruction than in a normal classroom setting, but repetitive forms of teaching may be accomplished by computer. He also made sure the computer and projector were in working order. The instructor should treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience and tact, and comment on all responses. In addition, since each domain includes several educational or skill levels, training objectives may easily be adapted to a specific performance level of knowledge or skill. For example, in developing a lesson on heading indicators, the instructor could begin with a discussion of the vacuumdriven heading indicator before proceeding to a description of the radio magnetic indicator (RMI), In some subjects, certain information or concepts are common to all who use the material. The number of students in a class and the existing facilities are other considerations. Just as a student can reread a section in a text, a student can review portions of a CAL program until it is understood. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of group learning is that it continually requires active participation of the student in the learning process, In spite of its advantages, success with cooperative or group learning depends on conditions and controls. On the other hand, CAL is a useful tool for aviation instructors. It is extremely expensive, and versions with a head-mounted display sometimes produce unfavorable side effects, For those engaged in aviation training, the challenge is staying abreast of technological changes that apply to training and adopting those that are the most useful and cost effective. Successful instructors teach their students not only how, but also why and when. The height of usable objects is limited to the space between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body of the projector, usually about two or three inches. To learn skills, students must practice. A customer wants a tail strobe light installed on his Piper Cherokee 180. As such, they serve as guides or resource experts and circulate among students who are working individually or in small groups. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. Assessment is explored in more detail in chapter 5, Instructional aids are devices that assist an instructor in the teaching-learning process. For the maintenance instructor, this may mean monitoring the replacement of a carburetor. It normally includes statements of objectives, descriptions of teaching aids, definitions of assessment criteria, and indications of desired outcome, A determination of objectives and standards is necessary before any important instruction can be presented. The instructors assessment may be informal and recorded only for the instructors own use in planning the next lesson for the students, or it may be formal. On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. For example, eligibility, knowledge, proficiency, and experience requirements for pilots and AMT students are stipulated in the regulations, and the standards are published in the applicable PTS or oral and practical tests (O&Ps). a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability bymass effect andromeda truth and trespass bug 03/06/2022 / brinks robbery weather underground / en elliot williams cnn education / por / brinks robbery weather underground / en elliot williams cnn education / por This method uses collaboration and can be modified for an interactive one-on-one learning situation such as an independent aviation instructor might encounter. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. HOTS should be taught throughout the curriculum from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract, Determine learning outcomes for the problem, Consider additional solutions through guided discovery, Reevaluate solution with additional options, Reflect on this solution and why it is the best solution, Consider what "best" means (is it situational), While there are many variations as to how a problem-based lesson might work, it usually involves an incentive or need to solve the problem, a decision on how to find a solution, a possible solution, an explanation for the reasons used to reach that solution, and then reflection on the solution. Aids that involve learning a physical skill should guide students toward mastery of the skill or task specified in the lesson objective, Instructional aids have no value in the learning process if they cannot be heard or seen. For example, if the instructor realizes from puzzled expressions that a number of students fail to grasp an idea, that point can be further elaborated until the reactions of the students indicate they understand. Flight instructors in particular must be aware of this problem since students often do a lot of their practice without an instructor. For example, in teaching aircraft maintenance, CAL programs produced by various aircraft manufacturers can be used to expose students to equipment not normally found at a maintenance school. Enhanced training materials that include these benchmarks can help aviation instructors complete, endorse, and document required training, For example, the training syllabi represent enhanced training material and contain provisions for instructor endorsements and recordkeeping. Predictions are that more and more learning will take place via e-learning, E-learning is now used for training at many different levels. As instructional aids, models are usually more practical than originals because they are lightweight and easy to manipulate, A mock-up is a three-dimensional or specialized type of working model made from real or synthetic materials. Since it has been documented that students learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process, SBT is also used to train AMTs, The aviation instructor is the key to successful SBT and the overall learning objective in this method of training delivery is for the student to be more ready to exercise sound judgment and make good decisions. The instructor speaks from a mental or written outline, but does not read or memorize the material to be presented. The pilot attempted four unsuccessful approaches with the controllers talking him through each approach. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" All members of the group should follow the discussion. Another use of computers would allow students to review procedures at their own pace while the instructor is involved in hands-on training with other students. Another important people skill used by effective instructors is to challenge students intellectually while supporting their efforts to learn. Second and perhaps most important, this module will provide instructors with the guidance needed to develop their own FITS-based training curricula. Manage and monitor all flight systems and electrical in-flight . While there are subtle nuances to the different terms which include computer-assisted learning (CAL), computerassisted instruction (CAI), computer-based training (CBT), and computer-based instruction (CBI), this handbook will use the term "computer-assisted learning" in the following discussion, Computer-assisted learning (CAL) couples the personal computer (PC) with multimedia software to create a training device. A game gives the learner a stake in the outcome by putting the learner into the shoes of a character (role playing) who needs to overcome a real world scenario. They should provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student, Another use for instructional aids is to clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts. The instructor, although no longer the center of attention, must continue to maintain complete control over the learning environment to ensure learning objectives are being achieved. The effectiveness of the instructional aid is critical for this process. They learn by applying what they have been told and shown. The informal lecture includes active student participation. Questions can be categorized by function and by characteristics. Well-designed programs allow students to feel as if they are in control of what they are learning and how fast they learn it. Time relationships are most suitable when history is an important consideration, as in tracing the development of radio navigation systems, The simple-to-complex pattern helps the instructor lead the student from simple facts or ideas to an understanding of the phenomena or concepts involved. The group task may emphasize academic achievement, cognitive abilities, or physical skills, but the instructor must use clear and specific learning objectives to describe the knowledge and/or abilities the students are to acquire and then demonstrate on their own. [Figure 4-7], The purpose of the motivation element is to offer the students specific reasons why the lesson content is important to know, understand, apply, or perform concepts of Thorndikes law of readiness. For example, inserting conditions narrows the objective as follows: "Using sectional charts, a flight computer, and Cessna 172, navigate from point A to point B while maintaining standard hemispheric altitudes." Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. To achieve desired learning outcomes through the lecture method, an instructor needs considerable skill in speaking, As indicated in chapter 2, a students rate of retention drops off significantly after the first 10-15 minutes of a lecture and improves at the end. Use flight deck technology in a safe and appropriate way, Be confident in a wide variety of flight situations, and, The teaching process organizes the material an instructor wishes to teach in such a way that the learner understands what is being taught. Remember, the computer has no way of knowing when a student is having difficulty, and it will always be the responsibility of the instructor to provide monitoring and oversight of student progress and to intervene when necessary, Real interactivity with CAL means the student is fully engaged with the instruction by doing something meaningful which makes the subject of study come alive. This is necessary because it is very important that each student perform the maneuver or operation the right way the first few times to establish a good habit. After the discussion develops, the instructor may ask a follow-up question to guide the discussion. He was wrong. This handbook is a compilation of that research and is designed to help aviation instructors become experts in the field of education, Effective instructors have a sincere interest in learning and professional growth. A. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received. Similarly, the instructor can prepare the prediscussion assignment more effectively while conducting research for the classroom period. The overhead question is directed to the entire group to stimulate thought and response from each group member. For example, once the instructor decides how the student will accomplish the objective, most of the work that determines the elements of the lesson and the schedule of events has been done. The pilot continued into the instrument conditions for about 30 minutes before asking Atlanta Approach Control for directions to the nearest airport for landing. If Class D, E, and G airspace are the only airspace types being utilized by a student, save the discussion of A, B, and C airspace until they have operating familiarity with the other types. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. Refer to Chapter 6, Planning Instructional Activity, for detailed information on requirements for an aviation training syllabus and the building-block concept for curriculum development, The main concern of the instructor is usually the more manageable task of organizing a block of training with integrated lesson plans. For example, the subsystems within a physical unit are relatively easy to relate to each other through the use of schematics or diagrams. It promotes learning through repetition because those things most often repeated are best remembered. Whenever possible, the various parts should be labeled or colored to clarify relationships, Production and equipment costs are limiting factors to consider in developing and using models, mock-ups, and cutaways. Provisions for logging training time can be incorporated so the syllabus could also serve as the training record for the student, instructor, or school. In addition to its uses as a summary and transitional device, the interim summary may also be used to keep the group on the subject or to divert the discussion to another member, A guided discussion is closed by summarizing the material covered. The instructor must determine the method to be used in developing the subject matter. Normally, aviation training aspires to a level of learning at the application level or higher, Standards are closely tied to objectives since they include a description of the desired knowledge, behavior, or skill stated in specific terms, along with conditions and criteria. For example, the flight student may be asked to plan for the arrival at a specific nontowered airport. The instructor can tailor the presentation for the class and also include graphics at appropriate points. HOME; INTERIORS; EXTERIORS; OFFICE & PORTRAITS; PUBLICITY/EVENTS; CONSTRUCTION; INFO A clear, concise presentation of the objective and the key ideas gives the students a road map of the route to be followed. When properly used, they help gain and hold the attention of students. While a computer, screen, and projector may be needed for the classroom, a laptop computer may be all that is needed for the one-on-one presentation. February 15, 2022 a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. The constant use of "What If?" For an instructor who tends to ramble, notes are a must because they help keep the lecture on track. However, it is the instructors responsibility to plan, organize, develop, and present the major portion of a lesson, There are a number of advantages to lectures. To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. Such training can include initial training, transition training, upgrade training, recurrent training, and special training. Discussion questions should be easy for students to understand, put forth decisively by the instructor, and followed by silence. Lectures are best used when an instructor wishes to convey a general understanding of a subject that students lack. Many scenarios were coupled to the maneuver until the student not only had the requisite skills, but also related them to many conditions where they would be needed. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Because these two phases, which involve separate actions, are performed concurrently, they are discussed here under a single heading. A wireless mouse can be used to activate the slide changes from anywhere in the room, Another convenient and cost effective instructional aid is the overhead transparency and projector. The pilot told the controllers that he would attempt an instrument approach. By using "how" and "why" follow-up questions, the instructor should be able to guide the discussion toward the objective of helping students understand the subject, When it appears the students have discussed the ideas that support this particular part of the lesson, the instructor should summarize what the students have accomplished using an interim summary. If the lecture has been carefully prepared, and the instructor is completely familiar with the outline, there should be no real difficulty, Notes used wisely can ensure accuracy, jog the memory, and dispel the fear of forgetting. Next, explain and demonstrate the steps involved in performing the skill being taught. Normally, students should not be asked to discuss a subject without some background in that subject, The techniques used to guide a discussion require practice and experience. By using a lecture in this way, the instructor can offer students with varied backgrounds a common understanding of essential principles and facts. If, however, a response is desired from a specific individual, a direct question may be asked of that student. Furthermore, the skill or behavior described should be logical and within the overall instructional plan, Conditions are necessary to specifically explain the rules under which the skill or behavior is demonstrated. This training method employs instructor-guided discussion with the instructor maintaining control of the discussion. The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. The instructor who requires notes should use them sparingly and unobtrusively, but at the same time should make no effort to hide them from the students. In many cases, visual symbols and slogans can replace in-depth explanations. Pilot skill evaluations occur during the conduct of courses at FAA-approved schools, and teaching instructors should verify that learners meet the proficiency requirements prior to sending them for any stage check. Additional transparencies can be overlaid onto the original to show development or buildup of an event or display. All lettering and illustrations must be large enough to be seen easily by the students farthest from the aids. The traditional organization of a lesson plan is introduction, development, and conclusion, The introduction sets the stage for everything to come. Instructional aids can help them do this. Whatever type of projected training aid used, it is essential for the content to be current and support the lesson, Use of projected materials requires planning and practice. They also should be meaningful to the student, lead to the desired behavioral or learning objectives, and provide appropriate reinforcement. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. [Figure 4-5] The FAA frequently reviews the test items in an attempt to maintain their validity in the current aviation environment. However in the teaching lecture, the feedback is not nearly as obvious and is much harder to interpret.