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The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplish two main goals. Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. 2010). Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. How did you perceive other groups? They have good self-esteem and are likely to display fewer behavior problems than do other children. It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. They were also more likely to be married. Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). What were the characteristics of unpopular students. Resistance by youth to the socialization forces of the school and its inherent power relationships can be expressed in a variety of ways. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). Unless a child attended preschool or nursery, the structure and routines of the school day and the social relationships within the school setting must be entirely learned. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Tom Lee. How a teacher approaches the issue of gender can have a lasting impact on how children understand the perceived socially acceptable roles for males and females. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. In an analysis of streaming processes by province, Krahn and Taylor (2007) examined how course selection limited the post-secondary education options available to students in selected provinces. Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). The dimension of socialization in which children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression, which reflect normative cultural values. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. They rejected the image presented by the preppy and popular girls, who, according to the skater girls, spent their leisure time shopping for fashionable, sexy clothing; applying makeup; flirting with boys; and talking about fashion and popular music (p. 145). The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. What kinds of topics do they discuss on their websites? These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. The Consumer Mathematics curriculum addresses financial management, career exploration, home ownership and maintenance, as well as more traditional topics such as trigonometry and statistics. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. Alberta Education explains that this. Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). Wentzel and Looneys (2006) overview of previous research on school climate in the United States has shown that schools that are perceived to be caring communities by their students are associated with lower rates of delinquency and drug use. Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. Students also learn their gender at school. How do they contribute to student socialization? 7 & 10(Accessed March 2012). Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. As noted by Sussman et al. Sussman et al. However, there is some evidence that home schooled children are acquiring the rules of behavior and systems of beliefs and attitudes they need. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. What happens if teachers behave in ways that violate norms of morality? Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al. Many of these features of the core can be understood as not only socializing children into being students, but also preparing them for life as adults within bureaucracies. Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. Girls who were verbally abused by teachers during childhood were also less likely to finish high school (Brendgen et al. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. They also tended to be popular. How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. This is a community-based school that offers mentoring to marginalized children and youth. Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). What group(s) were you in? Benefits. In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. Zero tolerance policies refer to specific code infractions that result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. Socialized Delinquency. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. In Alberta, applied English language arts are designated the course abbreviation of ELA 10-2 (Grade 10), 20-2 (Grade 11), and 30-2 (Grade 12). As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. Additionally, this study explores the relationship between students online learning engagement and their online learning performance by taking the Secondary School Geography Curriculum Standards and Textbooks Research, a small-scale private online course (SPOC) of the geography education undergraduate course, as an example. Sources: Manitoba Education www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/parents/senior/math.html Reproduced with permission from Manitoba Education. Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. Sweet et al. As well, in such discussions, the impact that this would have on female students is rarely considered (Greig 2003). In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. There are various reasons that parents choose to home school their children. Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. Secondary socialization refers to the social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, like school. 2007). Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. The structure of school and the structure of the family are obviously very different. Children who withdraw from peer interactions also limit their ability to fit into their peer group (Coie and Kupersmidt 1983; Dodge 1983). You can help your child work on It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. What kinds of lessons do they plan around the topic of morality? Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). 5. Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). If your child is stressed by harmful actions of a school bully or experiences frequent conflicts, his socialization experience can deteriorate quickly. Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7. The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. Even when accounting for numerous childhood risk factors such as social class of origin, gender, and antisocial behaviour, having been verbally abused by a teacher in early childhood was associated with behavioural problems in adulthood. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). incorrect; in the context of education, the expectations that teachers have about their students influence how they behaved toward them, which in turn, influences students motivation and performance. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. See Box 6.3 for further discussion about zero tolerance policies in Canada. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. Many schools across North America have official codes of conduct to be followed by teachers and students. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. The previous chapter discussed curriculum and how the content of schooling is closely associated with the social construction of what various groups (teachers, school administrators, parents) think children should be taught. Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. Our peer group is also important because typically our peers share the same interest which lays foundation for support and socialization amongst the group. Agents of socialization are the social structures in which socialization occurs. The role of peer groups was also discussed. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities.