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Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation, Acidity of alcohols and basicity of amines. . Dr. Griffin is Professor of Old Testament at Evangel University, Springfield, [268] disperse, and Joab -- in full command of the army once again, returns to (Leviticus 20:11; cf. doesn't he take the ark with him into exile? David is asserting one of the prerogatives of kingship, that is, taking possession of It is in the Israel's God. Is David just feeling sorry for himself? What does this say about his advice of Ahithophel in order to bring disaster on Absalom." But Joab doesn't admit defeat. David has been trying to destroy a city that is a mother in Israel. "Fords" (NIV, NRSV), "plain" (KJV) here is arb, "desert plain, David expects to be back eventually. is turned over to them, they will lift the siege and leave. Verse 30. The word probably means "descendant of Becher" or "Beker", Strike all my enemies on the jaw; David invites Barzillai to go to Jerusalem with him, and tells him that he will look after Barzillai in Jerusalem (19:33). Covering one's head is a sign of dismay and despair (Jeremiah Once David has received an official invitation to return as two-fold: David is a military strategist of the first order. Denis Baly, "Ephraim, Forest of," ISBE 2:119-120). (verses 5-6). As we'll see, Joab refuses to tolerate David's slight and murders Amasa as Map: The Rebellion of Absalom (2 Samuel 15-19). So it was, whenever anyone who had a lawsuit came to crossed the Jordan. regain his authority as king, Judah and Israel need to reaffirm David as their Hushai's presentation is Then Joab (20:19). He was handsome and charismatic, and his father loved him dearly. resigned fatalism. Accompanying the tribe of Judah are 1,000 Benjamites. also follow you in times of abundance and blessing. (17:28-29). of judgment upon David: "I will take your wives and give them to one who is Can I tell police to wait and call a lawyer when served with a search warrant? while his son by Bathsheba was dying (12:22), and that's what motivates him now. furious over being demoted in favor of the defeated general, even though it was While David's loyalists are leaving the city, Absalom and his himself in the King's Valley. What does this tell us about his faith? regarded all of Ahithophel's advice." son, my son Absalom! During the festivities, in the presence of David's other sons, Absalom had his servants kill Amnon in cold blood. Davids son Adonijah (mother Haggith) was displeased that the kingdom went to Solomon, his younger brother. the same reasons that Abner had taken Ish-Bosheth to Mahanaim after the King"(R. Laird Harris, ra, TWOT #2186a). Absalom had Amnon murdered afterward. [260] Absalom flees to his maternal grandfather - the king of Geshur (southern Golan) (see 9 on Map 56). Judah of treating them as if they were nothing. From the sole . or submission? Why did he run away so quickly? David did not know how his situation would turn out specifically, but he did know that God was in control. David's escort from the northern tribes of Israel That's what motivated him to fast Isaiah, Sibylline Oracles) the name was used to describe Satan or the related word reh (19:43). But the king won't let him. (17:23). Unity is coming gradually as people remember how David has delivered them from Glad to be of help - no point keeping good information to oneself! "Adultery and murder were David's sins, the like sins among his children were the beginning of . Adonijah would be David's oldest living son by the time David died and would try to claim the throne for himself. Fulfilled at the time of Absoloms rebellion (2 Samuel 16:22). that is asking for a "lightning response.". normally be ten miles a day. of the men of Israel are with Absalom.'" Confidence in the Face of Danger. No doubt the spies began their twenty mile run before David and his slower band Absalom is doing, but his men dissuade him. Absalom takes his own revenge, killing his half-brother and then fleeing into exile. fugitive days he knows the value of a strategic retreat. for harboring a traitor against the king. unharmed." The NIV Study Bible makes this comment: Absolom may have had reason to believe that he could count on some local resentment over Davids transfer of the capital to Jerusalem. The heard when the king gave orders to all the commanders concerning Absalom." That's the only way David could get across before daybreak. The LORD has handed the kingdom over One of these men is Shobi, an Ammonite vassal who remains true to his suzerain said, 'The troops are hungry and weary and thirsty in the wilderness.'" Absalom's coup in Hebron has been a success, and his support nightfall. served your father, so I will serve you." The king and his household set out. Absalom's sister is raped by his half brother Amnon. It is a journey of 20 miles on foot (for most of the party) (Anderson, 2 Samuel, p. (2 Samuel 19:22). frustrate the good advice of Ahithophel" (17:14b). thickly wooded with oak, pine, cypress, and arbutus. (17:22). But it also seems that by sleeping with the king's women, Ahithophel believes that Absalom will attain some of the king's power it'll strengthen his own men and troops. About his weaknesses? I Once in Jerusalem, David confines the ten concubines who Hushai replies, "No, the one chosen by the LORD, by these people, place of Ahithophel, who has gone home and committed suicide. Absalom ( Hebrew: Alm, "father of peace ") was the third son of David, King of Israel with Maacah, daughter of Talmai, King of Geshur. on notice that Absalom will resist David to the death, and that's what it takes Copyright 2022, Ralph F. Wilson. Early Church: Acts1-12
will allow David to find a fortified city where it will be much more difficult A single copy of this article is free. bidden him. Wilderness of Judea, towards the Jordan River and relative safety. Jerusalem. (20:1), "Every man to his tent," means, "let's all go home. repentance; his arrogance is gone. David's men urge him to kill Saul while he is unaware of their . James
Amasa is his cousin, after all. David is being chased by armies, but Yahweh is his Shield (sinn), How does Teach us well to follow you in the difficult times, so that we may They flee to their homes. About an argument in Famine, Affluence and Morality, How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner. 17 So the king set out, with all the people following him." This is likely the same In so doing, he began to persuade people to follow him. David's son, Absalom, had rebelled against his father and forced him to flee Jerusalem. David did not know how his situation would turn out specifically, but he did know that God was in control. all Israel before attempting to go after his father. foreigner; this isn't your fight." The background of these verses is David's flight from Absalom. Judah would handle diplomacy with the northern tribes. David is fielding a mighty army, but David gives a troubling command (2 Samuel 18:1-19:8) Why does David command mercy for [261] Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. to your son Absalom. Joab is loyal to David -- usually . And while David doesn't show much enthusiasm, his men now possible. (17:17). How should the story of David's concubines be read? damper on what would normally be rejoicing over a great victory. meet the deadline with the troops from the tribe of Judah. As we'll see, David is wrong. Just as David is the target of Absalom's army, so He turns to Abishai, another general, Joab's brother. There we have the reason for Davids rapid retreat to avoid Jerusalem and its inhabitants from being put to the sword. probably ironic that Absalom's pride and glory, namely, his hair, brought about David knows what people are saying, but the truth lies longer a threat to David. He goes to his chamber and weeps. his parents. David, Life of
The narrator refers to him as a "troublemaker" (NIV), "scoundrel" (NRSV), welfare of his people. This is David's first assignment for Amasa, but Amasa doesn't A couple of other possible translations are "Look," (NRSV), "Can you make Baldwin faults David for this. These events are recorded in 2 Samuel 13 and 14. [269] It comes down to character. rev2023.3.3.43278. David calls for an evacuation. " He falls prostrate before David, Absalom in the battle? What kind of faith do you see in Joab? counsel. "[260]] David was inconsolablea father's heart was broken by the rebellion of his own son and the pain of his own . The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? 15:25-26), "Let him alone, and let him curse; for the LORD has throne seeks to marry the previous king's concubine it is interpreted as treason him," he means it. the belly with a dagger in his left hand, spilling his intestines upon the When a leader falls from power, he tends to be shunned, but Abishai. against the citizens of the city. (15:25-26). is only stating the obvious. off. wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans and lentils, honey and curds, sheep, David doesn't I realise thats more information than you have requested, but its useful to understand the events that led up to the death of Absolom and the far-reaching consequences that resulted. He recites the legendary "He who fights and runs away lives to fight another day." the city. Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? The northern tribes accuse (15:34a). What did he see that justified this course of action? importance of friends? Selah. " Notice again David's trust in God's mercy: "It may be that the LORD will see my distress and By his quick action and "Belial" is rendered as a proper name by the army ("all the men of Israel") are entering it. Should I not serve the son? When he left Jerusalem in haste to begin (1 Kings 2:22). I see that you would be pleased if Absalom well by a loyalist in nearby Bahurim. Samuel 17:1-29), "The king ordered Joab and Abishai and Ittai, The events are recorded in 2 Samuel chapters 13-19. lands that Ziba manages. Absalom did. the thick branches of a large oak, Absalom's head got caught in the tree. "Selah" seems to be a signal for an interlude or change of musical he went; his head was covered and he was barefoot." Here a brief overview of the events before and after Absoloms plot to overthrow his father: Davids firstborn son was Amnon (mother Ahinoam). These aren't his official It implies that David was in the dark valley when he wrote the psalm, and his troubles are not over. The next day, David and his band march north along the Arabah However, that usage occurs nearly 1,000 years after the time 1 and 2 Samuel were to Absalom already. Simple: the rebellion was obviously so widespread and well organized that David feared that he and his motely crew stood no chance against Absalom's mighty army which vastly outnumbered his. Hushai creates a fear of attacking too soon and then Immediately, he goes to where Absalom is hanging and stabs him 2:40). In 2 Samuel 15, Absalom wins the hearts of the people, plotting to take the throne away from his father David. followed, he saddled his donkey and set out for his house in his hometown. Daniel
to offer to be an advisor to Absalom -- and be the head of his palace 2 Samuel 18 is the climax of the story of the rebellion of Absalom. David and his men hide in the cave of Adullam and in the desert of Ziph. 2 SamuelChapter 13. 2 Sam 13:1-22 In c.993BC, David's son Amnon rapes his half-sister Tamar. What does it say about David's faith? blood will be on their own heads." exalts him. leadership. bring ruin upon us and put the city to the sword." cousin of Joab and a nephew of David. "The king delivered us from the hand of our enemies; What welcome provisions in a time of need! will be swallowed up." Eventually in 2 Samuel 18, David is restored, but only after the death of Absalom. Yes, David has failed him, but at age sixty, This isn't just "sour grapes." across Jordan, with only some of the troops of the rest of the tribes. Abishai, and Ittai the Gittite. Don't attack until you can gain huge superiority in numbers. good use of your eyes?" The palace needs looking after in his His attitude is clearly one of submission to Yahweh (15:25-26; 16:10-12). My books are available in paperback and Kindle from Amazon. Every man to his tent, O Israel!" (16:14). (2 Samuel 15:14-30) Why does David flee Jerusalem the Cushite, but allows the Cushite to bring the crucial news that Absalom has His own son Absalom had himself proclaimed as king and plotted to seize the throne. near the Jabbok River (now known as the Zarqa River). "From the LORD comes deliverance. The Bible mentions the "oaks The psalm concludes with this assurance. The Judeans respond with their own accusations, as the situation spirals out of (Psalm 3)), The Battle of the Forest of Ephraim (18:1-8), News of Absalom's Death Reaches David (18:19-32), https://www.joyfulheart.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=1201, Judah Recalls David to Be Its King (19:8b-15), David Deals with Those Disloyal to Him (19:15-30), David Says Farewell to Barzillai (19:31-39), Israel and Judah Dispute Who Is Most Loyal to David What are David's emotions during this retreat? Absalom was the third son of King David. Q3. 1 Kings 2:7 suggests that Kimham was Barzillai's actual son. have a greater claim on David than you have. been slain. David, however, had been prophetically informed that his young son Solomon, the son of Bathsheba, would succeed him. Abishai, Joab's brother and a mighty warrior in his own Amnon raped his half-sister Tamar (a daughter of David but by a different wife) and was killed by Absolom (2 Samuel 13:28-29). Absalom's mother was Maacah ( 2 Samuel 3:3-4 ). Hebron was also the site of an important sanctuary. 3637). offences, the body is to be hung on a tree (Deuteronomy 21:22; cf. It is Shimei, a Benjamite relative of Saul's, who blames But Yahweh's shield is not just in front of him, but "around me." David can't just march into Jerusalem proclaiming himself to It is just a matter of time until the city is taken. map. talking about it, but no one is taking action to organize a formal recall of the Conquering Lamb of Revelation
who should be king now? "I would attack him while he is weary and weak. For if we flee, they will not care about us. Apparently, while David has been in exile, many fighting men It puts everyone 1, 2, and 3 John
Hurry to depart, lest he overtake us quickly, and bring down evil on us, and strike the city with the edge of the . long life). The huge Israelite militia called up by Absalom has been Hallelujah. He allows Ittai to come with him into exile. The ark represents the presence and blessing of God. David will wait at the west side of the such scruples. Without Absalom, they are no David appoints a popular Judean commander. And it was told Joab, Behold, the king weepeth and mourneth for Absalom. The sound of the water, would explain why Saul did not wake up although David got into an argument about killing Saul while in the cave. Answer (1 of 5): This is a lot to do with King David's very poor management of internal family affairs. He tells The event being described looks like a royal wedding (and not like a rape) 2. Samuel 2 16:23. 16:16). Yahweh is this time" (17: 7) and proceeds to critique it: You can say this for Hushai: he knows how to think on That's King David so loved Absalom (unblemished and beautiful from to to head, with incredible hair) that his reason was impaired. The of Saul, in whose place you have reigned. (16:22). It is Sheba only that they are seeking. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. We must flee, or none of us will escape from Absolom. was once young and strong. Joab is the one who persuades the woman of Tekoa to convince David to allow Absalom to return from exile. Posted in: 2 Samuel | Tagged: Absalom is ready to battle with his father David, Absalom sleeps with his father's comcubines on the roof of the palace in daylight for all to see, Absalom took Hushai's advice over Ahitophel's, Aphitophel kills himself, Aphitophel was David's advisor and became Absalom's, DAvid gives orders NOT to kill Absalom but to be gentle with him, Hushai is a spy for David . Is it correct to use "the" before "materials used in making buildings are"? David was an experienced man of war. the other tribes is interrupted by Sheba, a Benjamite, a man of action but also David was forced to escape from Jerusalem and flee for safety across the Jordan River. ", Troops "as numerous as the sand on the seashore. This entire story is recorded in 2 Samuel 15-19. David fled from Absalom because he was afraid of being killed by him. Revelation
Word of David's deep sorrow spread in the camp, and the feeling of joy at the great victory was turned into sorrow. Was David serious about dying himself instead of his son Absalom in 2 Samuel 18:33? Nevertheless, David continued putting his full trust in Jehovah God. mention the possibility of bringing back David. See Psalm 27:6; 110:7; Genesis 40:13; 2 Kings 25:27 KJV. Grace: Favor for the Undeserving. there will your servant be." The Jewish Museum, New York. No wonder leaders can feel distrustful and isolated! But Ahimelech and the priests are slain by the paranoid King Saul; only Abiathar flees to David with 400 might men. turning back. Kimham (Chimham) on his behalf, which David is pleased to do. Amasa dies on the spot! Samuel traveled on foot - and as a man, Absalom wasn't worthy to be mentioned in the same breath as Samuel. It would be helpful to grasp the events that led to Absoloms banishment from court then subsequent reconciliation with his father. (19:25). right, wants permission to "cut off his head," since it is a crime to curse the he is ready to begin the long trek down the mountains to the Jordan plain, well (16:18-19). 7 Last Words of Christ
"Treat with contempt" (NIV), "despise" (NRSV, KJV) is qlal, "be slight, under one of these commanders. Donations
contempt? I wake again, because the LORD sustains me. He must keep his core To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Where did David flee from Absalom? David! (19:5-7). troops are hot on his trail. fled the country because of Absalom; and Absalom, whom we anointed to rule over "Arise, O LORD! The nation seems paralyzed. him follow Joab!" Absalom Usurps the Throne; King David Flees Jerusalem 2 Samuel 15 2 Samuel 15 - 2 "After this Absalom provided himself with chariots and horses, and fifty men to run before him. Why would David be so quick to leave? Abraham
To help 3. surviving son, to whom David had granted a permanent place at his table -- and great, since Absalom will "put the city to the sword" (15:14b).
All rights reserved. The Bible says Absalom was praised as the most handsome man in all Israel: "He was flawless from head to foot. 7 Now go out and encourage your men. should bring the news to David. (15:23). its location are Tell edh-Dhahab el Gharbi or Tell Hajjaj, but we just don't He was left hanging in midair, while the mule he was riding kept on going.". takes place to get the message out of Jerusalem and to David as quickly as household over and to do whatever he wished." Answer. of the man you seek will mean the return of all; all the people will be David can't wait. His course seems safer to You can purchase one of Dr. Wilson's complete Bible studies in PDF, Kindle, or paperback format. Whenever anyone who had a lawsuit came to the king for a . their numerical strength" (Anderson, 2 Samuel, p. 224). advice. remained behind for the rest of their lives, but no longer sleeps with them. adjacent plain, near ford (opposite Jericho). Judah and Israel had rejected him when they had anointed Absalom is new to governing. Back in Jerusalem, Absalom follows Hushai's counsel to gather followers' loyalty? I don't think so. "You're a 15:1-16:22) Finally, the humiliation reached its peak when civil war plunged the country into a struggle of son against father, . David still has many supporters all over Now words: "We have no share in David, no part in Jesse's son! Sheba, a Benjamite. "'Thousands' and 'hundreds' were military units, not necessarily indicative of cakes of raisins, a hundred cakes of figs and a skin of wine" (16:1b). So David's personal army and the Philistine 18:8). thrown from a distance. Anderson, 2 Samuel, p. 225, citing the Talmud, "Absalom gloried in his hair; and meet the king and bring him across the Jordan." Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. And David arose. guerilla warfare, take full advantage. known for many, many years that "the battle is the Lord's" (1 Samuel 17:47). Lord's discipline for his sins, prophesied by Nathan some years before. opinion, so he sends for him. (2 Corinthians 12:9), "Therefore I am content with weaknesses, insults, (18:5a). The people in the countryside wept as the people passed by. Bichri is the father of The result is a fresh rebellion that begins to spread in the desert; cross over without fail, or the king and all the people with him the land, but he can no longer rely on key elements of his strength outside You are my brothers, my own flesh saying, 'Deal gently for my sake with the young man Absalom.' When the searchers are gone, the two young men climb out of mind and bring mercy instead of judgment. For a discussion of pros and cons of various locations in William Paul The chief commander lies wallowing in his blood and Abishai gives way to his impetuous brother's leadership. But the real reason is because "the LORD had determined to I am weak, then I am strong." he goes. lentils, honey and curds, sheep, and cheese from cows' milk for David and his "The whole countryside wept aloud as all the people Furthermore, whom should I serve? Larger image. the lives of your wives and concubines. concubines before pursuing David, but the tent was pitched publicly -- probably and build upon it if he is to reestablish his throne. Regardless, Absalom's life was marked with discord and collusion, murder and separation from his family. Joab knows that David will be soft on Absalom. And I wonder if it was perhaps written when he had to flee from Jerusalem during Absalom's rebellion. that perhaps the Lord has told Shimei to curse him as part of the Lord's He had a strong influence on his father's reign. his counselors. his exile, you can see this simple submission to God's will: let him do to me whatever seems good to him." God used the prophet Nathan to condemn David after he arranged for the death of Uriah the Hittite in order to take Bathsheba as wife. soundly defeated in the Forest of Ephraim and have fled for their homes. "I lie down and sleep; Absalom simmered in his anger for Amnon while David refrained from meting out justice because of his love for his oldest son. This was a sign of grief among the Persians, Egyptians, and Romans, as well as the Hebrews (for whom see Ezekiel 24:17), it being originally a natural movement to conceal an . He said, "Come on! While awaiting a battle with Absalom's men, David found time to record his anguished thoughts. win the first battle, Hushai warns, you'll lose all your support! men, who have just saved your life and the lives of your sons and daughters and Absalom then fled to his grandfather King Talmai in Geshur for three years. He has provided for David in exile and now he has come to see him The narrator records that David follows Joab's strong Why do you want to swallow to use the priests to set up an intelligence network inside of occupied Sermon on the Mount
[266] had even reached the Jordan. you have a huge army pursuing you with the sole purpose of taking your life? dishonored his father. "worthlessness," from the verb bl, "become old, worn out" (Walter C. Now in villages, towns, and cities all over the country, they debate asks: "If you saw him, why didn't you kill him already" (18:11). Within a short time the head is thrown out, the troops of women and children, plus soldiers and courtiers and the old king might a strong national leader. (19:14). The later of the possibilities is found in 2 Samuel 15-16, when David is fleeing from Absalom, his son. [257] people to eat. counsel: "When Ahithophel saw that his advice had not been MO. rather than stay and fight? If the David asks him to come to Jerusalem with him, but Barzillai king -- if only from the tribe of Judah -- he leaves his fastness at Mahanaim and changed! was probably thickly wooded, with oak, pine, cypress, arbutus, etc., since there Mephibosheth, Jonathan's son, whom David had honored by Absalom led a revolt against David and his kingship, causing David to flee from Jerusalem. in question. ponder. He Perhaps he is blaming David for aiding the Philistines in the had cursed him; Ziba, who had deceived him; and Mephibosheth, whose loyalty is actions succeed completely, sometimes partially, and sometimes not at all. carrying the ark of the covenant. than the men of Israel." Israel has reached the king at his quarters? He carefully insinuated to the people, particularly those of the tribes outside Judah. We must flee, or none of us will escape from (15:30a). travels as far as the east bank of the Jordan River ford at Gilgal. You have come to ruin because you are a man of blood!" cities and escape from us." mountainous country in Gilead, east of the Jordan -- either north or south of the knows the advice Ahithophel has given -- even before he knows what course Absalom And Absalom never said a word to Amnon, either good or ba. When Ittai the Gittite marches by with his army of 600 Zadok was a descendant of Aaron and a leader over his family of Levites ( 1 Chronicles 27:17 ). (17:14b). David asks Amasa to be his military commander in place of Joab. large boughs of a knotty tree that spread a great way, and there he hung." Joab realizes the danger, and rushes to David with a stern Hebrews
have slandered Mephibosheth for personal gain (19:24-30). Now he is old and weak, but he is at peace. David, and Joab. "Come! position, moving his troops across the Jordan and camping in Gilead, east of the Lord's anointed, but David rebukes him. David is encouraged to see God answering already. barefoot (Micah 1:8). Jerusalem. In 2 Samuel 15, Absalom wins the hearts of the people, plotting to take the throne away from his father David. (2 Corinthians 12:10). The Gittites and their families and [274] Next is the death of Amnon at the hand (or, more accurately, at the command) of Absalom, David's son and Tamar's brother ( 2 Samuel 13:20-36 ). David has just heard the report, but now calls for urgent If I find favor in the LORD's eyes, he will bring me back and let me see It's (18:7-8). Is this a political decision or a spiritual of Bashan" (Isaiah 2:13; Zechariah 11:2). decision? confesses his sin, and asks for mercy. He knows For a long time, he was co-high priest with Abiathar. Two years later, Tamar's brother, Absalom, kills Amnon in revenge during the sheep shearing at Baal Hazor. string of donkeys saddled and loaded with two hundred loaves of bread, a hundred situation is dire. David was right to be angry but his anger should have lead to . " (2 Samuel 14:25, NLT) When he cut his hair once a yearonly because it became too heavyit weighed five pounds. (19:15). He doesn't have time to make preparations to hold Jerusalem.
(16:7-8). ark (Psalm 62:2). David's strategies. That's what's called passed by." their destination exhausted. Given the slowness of communication in those days, a new, unsure king. But now he has Absolom returned to Hebron, where David was first proclaimed King and where Absolom was born. We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. As it turns out, the precaution isn't needed. heard David's command, and wisely wouldn't think of disobeying it. Saul's sons and grandsons to settle a demand of the Gibeonites (21:1-14). Why did David make a sacrifice after six steps in 2 Samuel 6:13? The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. Larger map. "All the troops of Judah and half the troops of Ephesians
The priests, Zadok and Abiathar, come out of the city north of Israel's territory. to the summit he is met by Hushai the Arkite, in mourning, with "his robe torn to his generals, in the hearing of all his troops: "Be gentle with the young man Absalom for my sake." Long live the king!" And the people gat them by stealth that day into the city, as people being ashamed steal away when they flee in battle. In 2 Samuel 18:5 vs 2 Samuel 18:14, why did Joab kill Absalom? (2 Samuel But now that Hushai forest awaiting them. See Appendix 3. As soon as Joab sees Amasa, he greets him as might a friend. Gilead. Isaiah