= median, Std. ; Motogna, S. A Study of Maintainability in Evolving Open-Source Software. Molnar, A.; Motogna, S. Discovering Maintainability Changes in Large Software Systems. When it is invoked more than once during the execution of an application, the hashCode() method will consistently return the same hash code (integer value). In a similar way Ive created a new extension method that would compare the properties on two classes: And now I can use the following to compare my expected value with the value returned by the test: Simple(ish) is it? This paper evaluated and compared the Index variants by applying them to Java open-source software systems. future research directions and describes possible research applications. When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object C4 Software Technology Reference Guide-A Prototype, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Each Java object is associated with the hash code. And also how equals() and hashcode() method are used widely in the Collection API. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) and B.. The resulting visualizations for each case study are presented in, The consistency of the long-term trends in maintainability for each case study was analyzed using MannKendall Trend Tests, and the results are presented in, To examine the short-term trends in the maintainability of each case study, the differences in maintainability from one software release to its previous version are presented separately for each Index variant under study in, The results of different variants of an Index used to assess the maintainability of object-oriented software systems can vary greatly. Published at DZone with permission of Dror Helper, DZone MVB. To answer RQ1, an evaluation and analysis of the gathered data were performed for one version of each included software system, focusing on the differences between the Index variants. 2021. By better understanding Index variants and the importance of the context in which an Index variant is used, practitioners can select the variant that best fits their specific needs and goals. For instance, Index variant thresholds for object-oriented software should be refined in the future while also considering the specifics of the Index variant used for maintainability assessment. It is also possible that an object is equal to another given object, then the equals() method follow the equivalence relation to compare the objects. And so usingFakeItEasyI was able to create the following code: What we have here is a newfakeobject a.k.afakeExpectedwhich would call custom code when itsEqualsmethod is called. Method of Collections class for sorting List elements is used to sort the elements of List by the given comparator. ; Ojha, A. Whereas the equals() method compares two objects. In this way, many comparisons between two objects need not go through the comparison of every value within them. [. This program compiles and executes successfully. After that, in the first println statement, we have invoked equals() method and parse an object y as a parameter that compares the object x and y. Use Collections.min () method and store the return value in min variable. Therefore, it is essential to understand how maintainable a software system is as it is being developed. A complete overview of related studies is presented in, Some studies have compared the Index with alternative software quality measures with the aim of assessing existing measures. This means that when focusing on finer-grained results posed by the Index, the selection of the Index variant has even more of an impact on the maintainability perception. In summary, the key contributions of this paper are: (1) a review of Maintainability Index variants utilized for maintainability measurement in object-oriented software; (2) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented system; (3) an empirical investigation on how Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems, i.e., other versions of the same software system and completely different software systems. To answer RQ2, the results were analyzed from two perspectives: between versions of the same software system, where three software systems with their versions were considered, and between different software systems, where the last version of each included software system was considered. To perform the comparison of objects, we have created a separate class named HashCodeExample. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Avg. A generic methodology for early identification of non-maintainable source code components through analysis of software releases. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge about software maintainability and are of interest to software researchers. If you instead change the program to use equality operator, you'll get Not Equal as shown in the program below. The Maintainability Index variants were computed from software metrics extracted from the code of each system by the JHawk tool. Lets take the above example in which JSON.stringify is useless and hand it over to Lodash: You can read more about Lodash in the article below: You dont want to use any external libraries? This tutorial shows you how to get the list of properties with different value on two objects. See the original article here. Similarly, in the second println statement, we have invoked equals() method and parse the same value as in the constructor of the Double class. In order to change the way two objects are compared in an assert we only need change the behavior of one of them the expect value (might change depending on the unit testing framework). Developed by JavaTpoint. Based on the ShapiroWilk Test, a parametric correlation coefficient was utilized, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (, To answer RQ2.2, the link between Index variants was analyzed in the context of comparing maintainability with versions of the same software system using correlation analysis for each case study. Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, RBCN-Net: A Data-Driven Inertial Navigation Algorithm for Pedestrians, Sum Rate Optimization Scheme of UAV-Assisted NOMA under Hardware Impairments, The Impact of Agile Methodology on Project Success, with a Moderating Role of Persons Job Fit in the IT Industry of Pakistan, Software Engineering: Computer Science and System, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/sidebar4.htm, https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/jhawkprod.htm, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/code-quality/code-metrics-maintainability-index-range-and-meaning, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Original Maintainability Index with comment part, Improved Maintainability Index with comment part, Maintainability Index using Lines Of Code only, JHawk Maintainability Index with comment part, Average Percent of Lines of Comments per module, Evaluating the maintainability prediction power of the Index for object-oriented software on the class level, There is a slight inverse relationship between the measures, Comparing the Index calculations from two frameworks on a software and component level, The difference between calculations is negligible, Investigating the consistency of software maintenance metrics at the system level, The measures are not mutually consistent for evaluating maintainability, Comparing methods for software technical debt identification on the between-release level, Releases of twenty Python software systems, The Index and SIG method show more similarity, while the Index and SQALE analysis show less, Christa, S.; Madhusudhan, V.; Suma, V.; Rao, J.J. Software Maintenance: From the Perspective of Effort and Cost Requirement. const obj1 = . In the below program, nowhere equals() method is called manually but we called the indexOf() method that internally calls the equals() method. 16. Remember: When we override the equals() method, it is necessary to override the hashCode() method, also. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. Note that the object should not be modified. In the following example, we have created constructor of the Double and Long class and passes corresponding values, as an argument that stored in their objects, respectively. This article is contributed by Rishabh Mahrsee. x holds the same value as we have passed in the equals() method. With the introduction of Lambdas, we can now bypass the anonymous inner class and achieve the same result with simple, functional semantics: Notice that we're also using the new sort API . And since book4 and book5 all point to the same object instance, book1, so book 4 === book5 is true. equals() and hashCode() method. 2.2. Seref, B.; Tanriover, O. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article and mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. In this program, you'll learn to compare two strings in Java. Comparative Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Maintainability Prediction Models. In, To assess the relationship between Index variants in the context of comparing the maintainability of versions of the same software system, a correlation analysis was conducted for each case study. [. And now imagine a test in which thatSomeClassis the result of your unit tests what assert would you write? As the result, JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person1) is false and JSON.stringify(person3) === JSON.stringify(person2) is false. 525532. Objects are identical when they share the class identity. Although there are differences in the values produced by different variants of an Index used to measure software system maintainability, the variants tend to behave similarly when comparing maintainability between systems. However, it is still unclear how different Index variants compare when applied to software systems. Fioravanti, F.; Nesi, P. Estimation and prediction metrics for adaptive maintenance effort of object-oriented systems. A Tale of Two Development Approach: Empirical Study on The Maintainability and Modularity of Android Mobile Application with Anti-Pattern and Model-View-Presenter Design Pattern. Zhou, Y.; Xu, B. Illustration: An example to illustrate an object of a class: // Here, chair and sofa are two objects of the class Furniture. The results showed that the choice of the variant could influence the perception of maintainability. Granja-Alvarez, J.C.; Barranco-Garca, M.J. A Method for Estimating Maintenance Cost in a Software Project: A Case Study. For example, the expression obj1==obj2 tests the identity, not equality. [, Some studies have compared the well-established Maintainability Index variant with alternative software quality measures with the aim of validating new measures. First, we convert the JavaScript objects to JSON strings and then compare those strings. 187192. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely It is not necessary that if the two objects are unequal according to equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects may produce distinct integer value. Join the DZone community and get the full member experience. In Proceedings of the 2009 3rd International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, 1516 October 2009; pp. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between different software systems? Due to this behavior there are many (myself included) who suggest overridingEqualsto make sure that the actual values are compared, which could be a problem if our production code cannot be changed to accommodate our tests. Join us next week for a fireside chat: "Women in Observability: Then, Now, and Beyond", Integrating AWS Secrets Manager With Spring Boot, Creating Your Swiss Army Knife on Java Test Stack, Comparing Two Objects Using Assert.AreEqual(). The randomly generated value might change during the several executions of the program. Inferential statistics were employed to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the maintainability measurements of the two Index variants. I will explain both methods using Strings and a self-written "Student" class as examples. Streansk, P.; Chren, S.; Rossi, B. Objects class from the Java.util . Please let us know what you think of our products and services. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of an object-oriented software system in the context of other systems? using the operators <, <=, ==, =>, >. After that, we have created a constructor of the Employee class and passes these two fields as a parameter. When comparing two software systems based on their maintainability assessments from different Index variants, if one software is easier to maintain than the other according to one variant, it is very likely that the same holds true according to any other variant. The Maintainability Index is commonly used as a quantitative measure of the relative ease of software maintenance. To answer RQ1, descriptive statistics were initially used to describe the values of each Index variant and to gain a general understanding of the distribution of the data. With extensive use of the Maintainability Index in software research and practice, the Index has been fine-tuned over time to better represent the maintainability characteristics of software systems, to ease the calculation, or to aid the interpretation of the results. ; methodology, T.H. The two objects will be equal if they share the same memory address. Else print minimum and maximum variables. The difference between those two lists would give us the students who didn't pass the exam. Now we will create one more class with the below code and save it as Car.java. The JHawk tool was used to extract the source code metrics, as it is commonly used for metrics extraction of Java software. 121124. Schober, P.; Boer, C.; Schwarte, L.A. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Next, is create two objects with different values and compare them. If youve been using unit tests for some time you might have come to a conclusion that using multiple asserts is not always a bad idea in fact for some tests its the only way to go. Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive 367377. In the second comparison, equals () checks to see whether the passed object is null, or if it's typed as a different. How to Find an Element in a List with Java. If a class implements Comparable then such comparator may be used in compareTo method: @Override public int compareTo (Person o) { return Comparator.comparing (Person::getFirstName) .thenComparing (Person::getLastName) .thenComparingInt (Person::getAge) .compare (this, o); } Share Improve this answer edited Aug 8, 2017 at 15:28 community wiki However, this must still be overwritten accordingly. Dahiya, S.S.; Chhabra, J.K.; Kumar, S. Use of genetic algorithm for software maintainability metrics conditioning. 2021. A systematic and comprehensive investigation of methods to build and evaluate fault prediction models. We have now checked the objects comparisons manually by calling the equals() method but this is not a good solution for the comparison of the objects. You believe you can do it all by yourself? As an example, imagine we have a list of students who applied for an exam, and another list of students who passed it. = average, Med. For example, if we want to check for any two values to make the equals() method consider the two objects to be the same: This method is more like an add-on to the previous one. Suppose we have a JSON string defined as the s1 variable: { "employee" : { "id": "1212" , "fullName": "John Miles" , "age": 34 } } Copy And we want to compare it with another JSON, s2: All Java classes implements the Object class by default. Object-Oriented Software. ; project administration, B.. See further details. Here's 3 different ways to compare objects in JavaScript and the tradeoffs between them. This is also the case with the aforementioned studies, as the choice of the variant used for the maintainability measurement of object-oriented software varies across them. A total of 45 object-oriented software systems were randomly selected for the study. ; Johannessen, E.B. Comparison of Maintainability Index Measurement from Microsoft CodeLens and Line of Code. OK, lets go for that: However, your function only works for flat objects, not for the nested one. If the minimum and maximum variables are equal then print Equal elements. To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. We have stored the hash code value in the variable a and b, respectively. Although numerous measures have been proposed in the literature for assessing software quality factors, few studies have focused on comparing the Index with other maintainability or software quality measures. Three empirical studies on predicting software maintainability using ensemble methods. [. = median, Std. In the above program, we have two strings namedstyle and style2 both containing the same world Bold. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. (string1 == string2) it returns 0. if (string1 < string2) it returns a negative value. 486492. Riaz, M.; Mendes, E.; Tempero, E. A systematic review of software maintainability prediction and metrics. A Computer Science portal for geeks. Ive also created the new fake usingWrappingso that the original methods on the class would still be called I really care aboutToStringwhich I would override to produce a meaningful assertion message. Additionally, by having a better understanding of the characteristics that contribute to maintainability and how they can be measured by different Index variants, practitioners can also make informed decisions about how to prioritize and focus their efforts to improve these aspects of their software during development, leading to improvements in software quality and the long-term sustainability of their software systems. Therefore, it is advisable not to use this method in comparing objects without overriding it. Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. Or you just simply want to hone your JavaScript coding skills? In Java, the == operator compares that two references are identical or not. Create a HashMap object and add a few employee objects as key and value will be the salary of the employee object. Its a good rule that helps me write good, robust unit tests but like all such rules of thumb its not always right (just most of the time). De Stefano, M.; Iannone, E.; Pecorelli, F.; Tamburri, D.A. Over 2 million developers have joined DZone. There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. Kaur, A.; Kaur, K.; Pathak, K. A proposed new model for maintainability index of open source software. We can sort them, copy-paste them, merge, and compare them. An experiment was conducted on data collected from the source code of 45 open-source software systems based on the Java programming language. As an example, you have a List of Employee Objects and you need to check that all your Employees are above 18. This may offer intriguing insights into whether and how the selection of Index variants affects the results and established findings in the software engineering research community. We limited our selection to well-defined variants (i.e., variants with an adequate description of the metrics needed for computation, the process of the metrics collection, and the process of Index calculation) that are commonly used in existing research on object-oriented software. ; software, T.H. and Name. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. We rarely compare the object references in real projects. Finally, How to compare and sort the List of employees using the Collections.comparing() method. If the properties of each object do not come in the same order, it doesnt work. Index Object Oriented Syst. In this case, the result of the comparison is false. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. Misra [, The evolution of the initially proposed Maintainability Index into numerous variants has resulted in a varying usage of Index variants in the context of maintainability assessment. When possible, the parameter settings of the data analysis method used were provided to the reader to give a better understanding of the analysis. 107110. For person3, the property name has the different value from person1 and person2. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2324 May 2022; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2022; pp. Since the default behavior ofEqualsis to compare references (in case of classes) the result is a fail. Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2021; pp. By using our site, you Applied Sciences. For 42 software systems, only the last released version was included in the experiment, while for the remaining 3 systems, all versions from the release history were included. It returns true because the object of double class i.e. ; Rana, A. Mastering JS. It can be observed that, in the case when comparing the maintainability between releases of the same software system, i.e., when changes in the source code are small, the Index variants tend to be more prone to non-consistency in the maintainability comparisons. Rather, it's their memory addresses in the stack that are different, since both objects are created using the new operator. This solution requires rewriting the whole sorting code for different criteria like Roll No. Correlations between Internal Software Metrics and Software Dependability in a Large Population of Small C/C++ Programs. Heriko, T.; umak, B. 261282. Now execute the code using Run option or Ctrl+f11 and output as below gets displayed. Madhwaraj, K.G. One major threat to external validity is related to the software systems on which the research is based, including sample size, selection bias, and subject characteristics. Imagine you have two instances of a Class and you want to find what properties have different value. Visual StudioMaintainability Index. Lets upgrade your function to a deep level: Can you spot the differences comparing to the first version? In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM 2007), Guwahati, India, 1821 December 2007; pp. Kerby, D.S. Conversely, an easily maintainable system is believed to be more cost effective in carrying out such maintenance tasks while also reducing the software systems tendency towards deteriorating software quality. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Data Science Technologies and Applications (IDSTA), San Antonio, TX, USA, 57 September 2022; pp. Overall, the findings of this research have the potential to benefit both researchers and practitioners in the field of software engineering by providing a better understanding of how the selection of Index variant affects the perception of the maintainability of software systems. Replication studies are needed to confirm and generalize the results to a more extensive set of Index variants. 2021. The Index variants computation was performed according to the equations presented in. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, ; data curation, T.H. 8792. Java Comparable must define o1.compareTo (o2) used to implement natural ordering of objects we must modify the class whose instances we want to sort it's in the same class only one implementation Hope you enjoy this article and find fun with the DIY thing. We can override the equals() method in the following way if we want to provide own implementation. The software maintainability index revisited. Although different Index variants present different values when subjected to the same software system, the Index variant values are very strongly positively correlated and indicate in a similar manner how maintainability evolves between releases and from a more long-term perspective. If the two objects are equal according to the equals() method, then invoking the hashCode() method on these two objects must produce the same integer value. = standard deviation, Min. ; Goldinger, S.D. positive feedback from the reviewers. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort() function using one of the standard algorithms. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. Method 2: Using comparator interface- Comparator interface is used to order the objects of a user-defined class.
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