/Resources << When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. 25 0 obj /F3 23 0 R [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /Textbox /Sect What are its three components of prejudice? continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? >> Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. >> Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> /GS8 28 0 R %PDF-1.3 If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches /F2 22 0 R She chooses to stop deliberation and act What percentage showed complete compliance? Rationality and the reflective mind . /Type /Page /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) << -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies /BM /Normal >> 1 0 obj endobj /StructParents 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 the degree to which something is extreme) is [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. What is conformity? Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. >> A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R /Type /Page What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R /Macrosheet /Part meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours << [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . >> >> -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). 2 0 obj Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. << certain conditions. /Group << Introducing Cram Folders! July 2015 . /CS /DeviceRGB /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F3 23 0 R /Type /Group When does it occur? Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. endobj [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. >> %PDF-1.5 What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. /Filter /FlateDecode basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? >> 5 0 obj [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. /Tabs /S What factors affect obedience? What is a meta-analysis? De Neys . Everything you always wanted to know. >> [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one >> Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. [9][pageneeded], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser economic zones to fisheries. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. >> People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /Contents 36 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. /Type /Catalog How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? Discuss the validity of each statement. clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. >> [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives /ExtGState << << (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. /Tabs /S What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. 269273 . endobj /Resources << 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. variability, when the category is. How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? 13 0 obj 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /Font << -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. /Parent 2 0 R It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. traits associated with the stereotype. [39][originalresearch? 3 0 obj In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Group << >> /F1 21 0 R /Length 2864 >> What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? /Tabs /S /Type /Group /ToUnicode 367 0 R /Type /Font 19 0 obj -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /Type /Font endobj /Group << 22 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Page 2,000 & 11,000 \\ << For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics.